![]() 9, 10 It is also reported to increase gastric emptying. In relation to its antiemetic properties, ginger (and its constituents) acts peripherally, within the gastrointestinal tract, by increasing the gastric tone and motility due to anticholinenergic and antiserotonergic actions. Consequently, gingerols are the major components in the fresh ginger rhizome, whereas shogaols, especially 6-shogaol, are the most abundant polyphenolic constituents of dried ginger. The major pharmacological activity of ginger appears to be attributed to gingerols and shogaols, which are the dehydrated products of gingerols. Of all the gingerols, 6-gingerol is the most abundant and well-investigated ginger phytochemical. 8 Gingerols correspond to a series of chemical homologs differentiated by the length of their unbranched alkyl chains ( n6– n12). The nonvolatile phenolic phytochemicals of ginger consist of gingerols, shogaols, paradols, and zingerone, and more than 30 gingerol-related compounds can be fractionated from crude ginger. 7 The volatile (steam extracted) oils consist mainly of sequiterpene hydrocarbons, predominantly zingiberol, which gives rise to the characteristic aroma of ginger. 6 The distinctive odor and flavor of ginger are due to these volatile oils and also nonvolatile phenolic compounds, which have pungent properties. The rhizome comprises 1%–4% of volatile oils and an oleoresin. The rhizome of ginger contains a wide variety of biologically active secondary metabolites. Ginger Chemistry and Pharmacological Effects 5 This review summarizes the development of ginger as an antiemetic for NPV and CINV and will also focus more on a critical appraisal of the different preparations and presentations of ginger available for patients and the posology used. In 2012, the European Medicines Agency published an assessment report from the committee of herbal medicinal products describing the use of ginger in the prevention of nausea and vomiting, concluding that plausible clinical evidence exists for the beneficial effects of dry powdered rhizome on a number of conditions related to nausea and vomiting. 4 Indeed, ginger capsules have been available in UK for more than 40 years as a remedy for motion sickness and as a carminative. The British Herbal Compendium lists ginger as a remedy for vomiting with pregnancy along with other indications. 3 Ginger appears on the US Food and Drug Administration generally recognized as safe list and is included in the pharmacopeias of many Western countries. ![]() 2 Ginger is considered as a safe herb for human consumption. 1 This long and established history of medicinal use in humans has stimulated ongoing clinical trials to scientifically assess the effectiveness of ginger as an adjuvant therapy or as a complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in a number of indications related to nausea and vomiting the most studied of these include nausea and vomiting in pregnancy (NVP), chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV), postoperative nausea and vomiting, and, to a lesser extent, motion sickness. ![]() Cultivated for its edible under-ground stem (rhizome), ginger has been used since antiquity both as a spice and as a herbal medicine to treat a variety of primarily gastrointestinal ailments, such as nausea, vomiting (emesis), diarrhea, and dyspepsia, and also diverse ailments, including arthritis, muscular aches, and fever. ![]() Ginger ( Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is a perennial herb belonging to the family Zingiberaceae, primarily grown in Asia and tropical regions, and is one of the most important and widely consumed herbs worldwide. ![]()
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